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IN 1991 THE UNITED STATES trounced the Iraqi army in battle only to stumble blindly into postwar turmoil. Then in 2003 the United States did it again. How could this happen? How could the strongest power in modern history fight two wars against the same opponent in just over a decade, win lightning victories both times, and yet still be woefully unprepared for the aftermath?
Because Americans always forget the political aspects of war. Time and again, argues Gideon Rose in this penetrating look at American wars over the last century, our leaders have focused more on beating up the enemy than on creating a stable postwar environment. What happened in Iraq was only the most prominent example of this phenomenon, not an exception to the rule.
Woodrow Wilson fought a war to make the world safe for democracy but never asked himself what democracy actually meant and then dithered as Germany slipped into chaos. Franklin Roosevelt resolved not to repeat Wilson’s mistakes but never considered what would happen to his own elaborate postwar arrangements should America’s wartime marriage of convenience with Stalin break up after the shooting stopped. The Truman administration casually established voluntary prisoner repatriation as a key American war aim in Korea without exploring whether it would block an armistice—which it did for almost a year and a half. The Kennedy and Johnson administrations dug themselves deeper and deeper into Vietnam without any plans for how to get out, making it impossible for Nixon and Ford to escape unscathed. And the list goes on.
Drawing on vast research, including extensive interviews with participants in recent wars, Rose re-creates the choices that presidents and their advisers have confronted during the final stages of each major conflict from World War I through Iraq. He puts readers in the room with U.S. officials as they make decisions that affect millions of lives and shape the modern world—seeing what they saw, hearing what they heard, feeling what they felt.
American leaders, Rose argues, have repeatedly ignored the need for careful postwar planning. But they can and must do a better job next time around—making the creation of a stable and sustainable local political outcome the goal of all wartime plans, rather than an afterthought to be dealt with once the "real" military work is over.
- Sales Rank: #718468 in Books
- Published on: 2011-12-20
- Released on: 2011-12-20
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.44" h x 1.10" w x 5.50" l, .75 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 432 pages
From Booklist
Surveying the settlements of America’s wars since WWI, Rose analyzes reasons for the manner and substance of their conclusions. The way a war ended, he holds, can be tied to the quality of pre-armistice or -surrender planning for the postwar situation, a problem to which he applies concepts in international relations (realism, bureaucratic politics, domestic politics). Those terms don’t portend a wonk’s book, however. Rose, the editor of Foreign Affairs, writes with clarity for general readers puzzled by mistakes national-security experts seem to make over and over again. According to Rose, American generals, diplomats, and presidents, obsessed with the military endgame, often don’t clarify their political intentions until the shooting stops. Varied in its effects, such neglect ranges from surmountable, as in the aftermath to WWII, to intractable, such as in Vietnam or Iraq. Rose also identifies another factor complicating the termination of war: cherry-picking lessons from a previous war that have dubious applicability to the present one. Public spirited and accessible, Rose’s presentation should impress anyone hoping for better management of war and peace by Washington. --Gilbert Taylor
Review
Advance Praise for
How Wars End
“This is a brilliant book on an important subject. Americans are always disappointed with the outcomes of wars and the troubled peaces that follow. Gideon Rose explains that this is because of the way we think—or don't think—about war and peace. The book is a masterpiece of historical analysis with lessons for our strategy in Afghanistan and beyond.”
--Fareed Zakaria, author of The Post-American World and editor of Newsweek International
“Gideon Rose’s wise, trenchant review of the last century of world conflict is one of the startlingly rare books that gets the connection between war and politics, means and ends.”
--Fred Kaplan, “War Stories” columnist, Slate
“Fred Ikle’s 1971 book Every War Must End has influenced analysts and policymakers for decades. Gideon Rose’s How Wars End is likely to be just as influential for generations to come. You may think you know something about the wars he writes about, but you are guaranteed to learn something new here. Rose is always accurate and fair, neither sycophantic nor unduly scathing. This is a book that should be read by everyone involved in military planning--and everyone affected by the decisions those planners make.”
--Max Boot, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations and author of The Savage Wars of Peace and War Made New
“In his trenchant study of how difficult it was to end wars in the past century, Gideon Rose draws fresh and persuasive lessons for how to define and achieve U.S. interests, both in Afghanistan and in the face of future challenges. A timely and important work.”
--Strobe Talbott, author of The Great Experiment and president of Brookings Institution
“By focusing on the intricate, often overlooked endgames of conflicts, Gideon Rose makes a compelling case that the unintended consequences of wars have overwhelmed even the best-intentioned plans of American leaders. Every top official contemplating military action should read this terrific book—and take its lessons to heart.”
--Andrew Nagorski, author of The Greatest Battle
About the Author
Gideon Rose was recently named Editor of Foreign Affairs, where he served as Managing Editor for the past decade. From 1995 to 2000, he was Olin Senior Fellow and Deputy Director of National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, serving as Chairman of the Council’s Roundtable on Terrorism and Director of numerous Council Study Groups. In 1994-95, he was on the staff of the National Security Council, where he served as Associate Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs. In addition, he has been a staff member at the journals The National Interest and The Public Interest. After studying classics at Yale, he received a Ph.D. in government from Harvard and has taught American foreign policy at Princeton and Columbia. His previous publications, edited with James F. Hoge, Jr., include Understanding the War on Terror, America and the World: Debating the New Shape of International Politics, and How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War. He lives in Brooklyn, New York.
Most helpful customer reviews
40 of 40 people found the following review helpful.
Fascinating detail, grand conclusions, wonderful writing
By Duke Smith
This is a very special book that will change the way you think about war and U.S. foreign policy. The author argues that in all of the major wars America has fought in the 20th century--World War I, World War II, Korea, Vietnam, the Gulf War, and Iraq--U.S. officials have screwed up the endings. Too often do they think more about defeating the enemy (the "day of") than planning for the result (the "day after").
Rose goes behind the scenes, using lots of primary sources to find out what decision-makers knew and when they knew it. In doing so, he creates a compelling case that in each "endgame," policymakers were haunted by the lessons they derived from the last war. Thus, for example, the lessons of Vietnam--don't get heavily involved in faraway drawn-out conflicts--cause the George H. W. Bush administration to bungle the end of the Gulf War and opt for an overly cautious and quick approach that failed to achieve the administration's own goals. George W. Bush's invasion of Iraq was, in some ways, a way to finish the job that his father had left undone. The research the author has done for each case is remarkable, and has the added benefit of providing many amusing anecdotes. (His stuff on Kissinger is particularly interesting.)
The most important contribution of "How Wars End" is its sketching of a grand strategy of pacification that has run through 20th-century U.S. foreign policy. In war after war, the United States has tried to put out fires in strategically important parts of the world. World Wars I and II were attempts to pacify Europe (by solving the Germany problem), Vietnam and Korea were attempts to calm East Asia, and the wars in Iraq were efforts to stabilize the Middle East.
Another thing that distinguishes this book from others is the quality of its writing. Unlike many historians and foreign policy commentators, Rose has a way with words. This makes the book not only eminently readable but also--and this is truly rare--an enjoyable read.
Oh, and there's a great final chapter that deals with Afghanistan, explaining in clear terms the choice the Obama administration has to make. Here, too, the specter of the last war looms large, with policymakers wanting to avoid a Vietnam, but also apply the lessons of Iraq.
29 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
Hard to Put Down
By Aasia Louise
There have been lots of books recently about how to bring the war in Afghanistan to an end. Anyone who thinks they have an answer (or anyone who is at a loss) should read this excellent new book. By bringing alive the decisions that American leaders from Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush faced in the course of ending wars, Gideon Rose puts the Obama administration's current policy options in Afghanistan into context and offers sound, practical advice.
The chapters -- all of which are strong enough to stand alone -- open with engrossing vignettes that introduce the reader to each war's cast of characters and policy issues. His chapter on World War II in the Pacific, for example, begins with an almost unbelievable account of Japanese-U.S. negotiations over the status of Japan's monarchy and a last minute coup attempt to prevent the Emperor from airing his pre-recorded surrender message. Nuggets like this make "How Wars End" accessible and just plain fun to read.
In each chapter, Rose's analysis of where policy makers went wrong (or right) is fair and dispassionate, yet still provocative. Unsettlingly often, he argues, leaders got war endings wrong simply because they never made firm decisions about the political resolution they wanted the war to have. He makes a convincing case; this book is a must-read as we approach the tenth year of war in Afghanistan.
10 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Rose's Best Work Yet!!
By MIG NYC
Rose is a master at taking a complex set of issues and explaining it to his readers in an understandable, yet nuanced way. He is a master of insightful dialogue and indepth discourse.
This is a must read for anyone interested in a war that will impact American policy for the next 50 years.
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